Page History

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-- (1999). The Role of Regional Fishery Bodies in Conservation and Management of Resources. Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 17 November 2007, from: http://www.fao.org/fi/website/MultiQueryAction.do?^{Image Removed}.

-- (2004). Alaska Pollock Marketing Group Says MSC Certification will Strengthen Marketing Efforts. Retrieved

-- (2007). About MSC. Retrieved on November 18, 2007, from http://www.msc.org/html/content_462.htm^{Image Removed}.

-- Global Aquaculture Alliance: Best Aquaculture Practices. Retrieved November 21, 2007 from http://www.msc.org/HTML_support/logo.gif^{Image Removed}

Benitah, M. (June 2004). Ongoing WTO Negotiations on Fisheries SUbsidies. ASIL Insights, 1-3.
Borger, J. (2001, March 29). Bush Kills Global Warming Treaty. The Guardian Unlimited: http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2001/mar/29/globalwarming.usnews^{Image Removed}.

Cornwall, W. (2007, October 29). Seattle Meets Kyoto Global-Warming Targets. The Seattle Times: http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2003982047_webkyoto29m.html^{Image Removed}.

Division of Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. (10 December 1984). United Nations Convention on The Law of the Sea. Retrieved 12 November 2007, from: http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_overview_convention.htm^{Image Removed}.

Doerr, J. (2006, September 3). California's Global-Warming Solution. Time Magazine: http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1531324,00.html^{Image Removed}.

EarthNet's "DriftNetwork" Program. International Law Governing Driftnet Fishing on the High Seas. Retrieved 16 November 2007, from: http://www.earthtrust.org/dnpaper/intllaw.html^{Image Removed}.

Gunther, M. (2006). "Saving Seafood: Wal-Mart has unsentimental business reasons for promoting sustainable fishing practices." CNNMoney.com Retrieved November 22, 2007, from http://money.cnn.com/2006/07/25/news/companies/pluggedin_gunther_fish.fortune/index.htm^{Image Removed}.

International Fund for Animal Welfare. (2007). Iceland signals an end to its commercial whaling enterprise due to lack of consumer demand. Retrieved November 19, 2007, from http:///www.ifaw.org/ifaw/general/default.aspx?oid=220372.

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International Whaling Commission. (2007). Scientific Permits. Retrieved 19 November 2007, from: http://www.iwcoffice.org/conservation/permits.htm^{Image Removed}.

International Whaling Commission. (2007). Whale Population Estimates. Retrieved 19 November 2007, from: http://www.iwcoffice.org/conservation/estimate.htm^{Image Removed}.

International Whaling Commission. (2007). Whale Sanctuaries. Retrieved November 19, 2007, from http://www.iwcoffice.org/conservation/sanctuaries.htm.

Koh, T.T.B. A Constitution for the Oceans. Retrieved 12 November 2007, from the UN Division of Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea: http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_overview_convention.htm^{Image Removed}.

Milazzo, M. (2000). The World Bank: Subsidies in World Fisheries: A Re-examination. Technical Paper, No. 406, 4-6.

MSC Executive. (2005). Information Sheet 4: Costs Explained. Retrieved November 22, 2007, from http://www.msc.org/assets/docs/fishery_certification/InfoSheet4_Costs.pdf^{Image Removed}.

Muller, George C. (2007). Timeline of Commercial Whaling. Retrieved November 19, 2007, from http://www.cgeorgemuller.com/timeline.htm.&nbsp.

Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative: An Initiative of the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic States of the U.S. Retrieved 16 November 2007, from: http://www.rggi.org/index.htm^{Image Removed}.

Schrank, W. (2003). Introducing Fisheries Subsidies. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, 437, 1-5United Nations Division for Sustainable Development. (2004). Agenda 21, Chapter 34. Retrieved 21 November 2007, from: http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/documents/agenda21/english/agenda21chapter34.htm^{Image Removed}.

Teisl, M.F., Roe, B. & Hicks, R.L. (2001). "Can Eco-labels Tune a Market? Evidence from Dolphin-Safe Labeling." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Vol 43.

Wessels, C.R., Donath, H. & Johnston, R.J. (1999). "U.S. Consumer Preferances for Ecolabeled Seafood: Results of a Consumer Survey." Retrieved November 21, 2007, from http://www.uri.edu/cels/enre/docs_CRoheim/ecolabel.pdf^{Image Removed}

Fisheries Management

Aquaculture

Technology

Marine Protected Areas

from http://www.uri.edu/cels/enre/docs_CRoheim/ecolabel.pdf

Fisheries Management

Aquaculture

Technology

Marine Protected Areas

Abesamis R. A., Russ G. R., Alcala A. C. (2006).Gradients of abundance of fish across no-take marine reserve boundaries: evidence from Philippine coral reefs.  Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 16: 349-371.

Agardy, M. T. (1997). Marine Protected Areas and Ocean Conservation.  San Diego,California:  Academic Press

Agardy, M.T., Bridgewater, P., Crosby, M. P., Day, J., et. al. (2003) Dangerous targets? Unresolved issues and ideological clashes around marine protected areas. Aquatic Conservation, 13(4), 1-15.

Australian Department of the Environment and Heritage. (2006).  Review of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act of 1975.

Ballantine, W. J.  (1991). Marine Reserves for New Zealand.  Warkworth, New Zealand: UniversityofAuckland, Leigh Marine Laboratory.

Baumgardner, S., Chao, A., et. al. (2005) Presentation to National Student Ocean Summit.  Washington, DC.

Biology NewsNet.  (2007). Marine Reserves Could Save Coral Reefs. Retrieved November 2007, from: http://www.biologynews.net/archives/2007/05/14/marine_reserves_could_save_coral_reefs.html^{Image Added}.

Bohlen, W. F.  (1990).  Ocean Disposal of Particulate Wastes.

Canadian Department of Oceans and Fisheries. (1999).  Stock Assessment of Eastern Georges Bank Cod.  Retrieved on 21 November 2007, from: http://www.mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/science/TRAC/reports%5CA3-04(1999)E.pdf^{Image Added}.

China opens marine life biodiversity protection center. 11 October 2006. Xinhua General News Service.

Cole R. G., Villouta E., Davidson R. J. (2000). Direct evidence of limited dispersal of the reef fish Parapercis colias (Pinguipedidae) within a marine reserve and adjacent fish areas. Aquatic conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 10: 421-436.

Consentino, A. (2005). _The Italian System of Marine and Coastal Protected Areas._Global Forum on Coast and Islands, Lisbon, Portugal.  Retrieved 20 November 2007, from: http://www.globaloceans.org/tops2005/pdf/AldoCosentino.pdf^{Image Added}.

Davidson R. J., Villouta E., Cole R. G., Barrier R. G. F. (2002). Effects of marine reserve protection on spiny lobster (Jasus edwardsii) abundance and size at Tonga Island Marine Reserve,New Zealand. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 12: 213-227.

Duswn, A.  (14 June 2007).  America's Most Polluted Beaches. MSNBC.com. Retrieved November 2007, from: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19214761/^{Image Added}.

Ecological Society of America.  (1997).  Ecosystem Services: Benefits supplied to human societies by natural ecosystems.  Issues in Ecology 2: pg. unkwn.

Evans, R. D., Russ, G. R.  (2004). Larger biomass of targeted reef fish in no-take marine reserves on the Great Barrier Reef. Aquatic Conservation, 14(5): 505-519.

Flower Garden Banks, National Marine Sanctuary. (2007) From Snappers to Sanctuaries. Retrieved 21 November 2007, from: http://flowergarden.noaa.gov/about/history.html^{Image Added}

Gell, F. R. and Roberts, C. M. (2003). The Fisheries Effects of Marine Reserves and Fisheries Closures.  Washington,DC: World Wildlife Fund.

Goñi R., Quetglas A., Reñones O. (2006). Spillover of spiny lobsters Palinurus elephas from a marine reserve to an adjoining fishery. Marine Ecology Progress Series 308: 207-219.

Grafton, R. Q., Kompas, T., and Pham, V. H. (2006). The Economic Payoffs from  Marine Reserves: Resource Rents in a Stochastic Environment. Economic Record 82(259): 469-480.

Greenpeace.  (2007a) Whale Watching and Marine Sanctuaries.  Retrieved 17 November 2007, from: http://www.greenpeace.org/new-zealand/campaigns/oceans/whales/whale-watching-sanctuary^{Image Added}.

Greenpeace.  (2007b). Iceland Stops Commercial Whale Hunt.  Retrieved 17 November 2007, from: http://www.greenpeace.org/international/news/iceland-ends-commercial-whale-240807^{Image Added}.

Greenpeace.  (2003) Icelandic Whaling..  Retrieved 17 November 2007, from: http://www.greenpeace.org/international/campaigns/oceans/whaling/icelandic-whaling^{Image Added}.

Guenétte, S., Pitcher T. J., Walters C. J.  (2000). The Potential of Marine Reserves for the management of Northern Cod in Newfoundland.  Bulletin of Marine Science, 66(3): 831-852.

Hahn, S. (2007, October 17) Historic new protections could save our shores.  Metroactive (Santa Cruz,CA) online edition: http://www.metroactive.com/metro/10.17.07/news2-0742.html^{Image Added}.

Helvarg, D. (2001).  People in the Ocean, Seafood Diet?  Blue frontier:  Saving America's Livign Seas.  New York, New York:  W. H. Freeman and Company.

Hermsen, J. M., Collie, J. S., Valentine, P. C. (2003). Mobilefishing gear reduces benthic megafaunal production on Georges Bank_._  Marine Ecology Progress Series 260: 97-108.

Hyrenbach, D., Worm, B., Fonteneau, A., Gilman, E. (2007). Using Marine Reserves to Protect Highly Migratory Species: Scientists Discuss Potential Strategies, Including Mobile MPAs. MPA news 8: 1-3.

Information Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China. (1998). The Development of China's Marine Programs.

International Union for the Conservation of Nature. (2007).  Protecting Oceans will help millions of people survive climate change. Retrieved November 2007, from: http://www.iucn.org/en/news/archive/2007/04/10_pr_oceans.htm+oceans+help+people+by&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=7&gl=us&client=firefox^{Image Added}.

Johnson D. R., Funicelli N. A. , Bohnsack J. A. (1999). Effectiveness of an Existing Estuarine No-Take Fish Sanctuary within the Kennedy Space Center, Florida. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 19(2): 436-453.

Jones, P. (2004).  Collective Action Problems Posed by No-Take Zones. London,United Kingdom: Remax House.

Kearny, B. (2000).  National System of Protected Ocean Areas would Promote Ecosystem-based Approach to Conservation and Management.  The National Academics.  Retrieved November 2007, from: http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=9994^{Image Added}.

Liu Y., Qiu J.  Problems and possible solutions of our country's marine reserves.  National Oceanic Administration Institute of Marine Development Strategy.

Madin, L. P. (2001). Fisheries, Oceanography and Society Symposium Series:  Marine Protected Areas: Introduction and Summary.  Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.  Retrieved 15 November 2007, from: http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=11342^{Image Added}.

Marine Protected Areas of the United States (2007), Retrieved November 20, 2007, from National Marine Protected Areas Center: Case Studies - Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary: http://

McClanahan, T. R., Verheij, E., Maina, J. (2006) Comparing the management effectiveness of a marine park and a multiple-use collaborative fisheries management area in East Africa.  Aquatic Conservation 16: 147-165.

Molenaar, E. J. (2004). Unregulated Deep-Seas Fisheries:  A need for a multi-level approach.  International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 19(3):  223-246.

Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute.  (2007).  MARS - The Monterey Accelerated Research System.  Retrieved 21 November 2007, from: http://www.mbari.org/mars^{Image Added}.

National Academy of Public Administration. (2000).  Protecting our National Marine Sanctuaries.  Washington, DC.

National Marine Protected Areas Center. (2006). Archives-What MPAs Provide the Nation.  Retrieved 17 Nov. 2007, from: http://mpa.gov/helpful_resources/archives/benefits.html#social^{Image Added}.

National Marine Protected Areas Center. (2006). Ecological Characterization Project.  Retrieved 21 Nov. 2007, from: http://mpa.gov/pdf/national-system/wcp-eco-character-june9.pdf^{Image Added}.

The National Marine Sanctuaries Act. (1972). 16 United States Code § 1431.

Nugent, D. L. (2006). Evaluation of environmental youth internet forums for small island nations.

Thurman, H. V.. Trujillo, A. P. (2002). Essentials of Oceanography. 7th Ed.  Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.

New Zealand Biodiversity. (2004). Marine reserves protect the marine environment - new report. Retrieved November 2007, from: http://www.biodiversity.govt.nz/news/media/current/01oct04.html.

Pauly, D. (2007)  Lecture.  Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.

Possingham, H.P., Ball, I. R., Andleman, S. (2000). Mathematical methods for identifying representative reserve networks.  Quantitative Methods for Conservation Biology.  New York,New York: Springer-Verlag.

Pollack, A. (1997).  Mercury mostly gone from bay in Japan, still poisons town's life.  23 August 1997.  The New York Times.

Roberts, C.M, et al. (1997). Effects of Marine Reserves on Adjacent Fisheries. Science 294:1920-1923.

Robichaud, D., Rose, G. A. (2004) Migratory behavior and range in Atlantic Cod:  inference from a century of tagging.  Fish and Fisheries 5: 185-214.

Russ, G. R., Alcala, A. C., Maypa, A.P.(2003).Spillover from marine reserves: The case of Naso vlamingii at ApoIsland, The Philippines.  Marine Ecological Progress Series 264: 15-20.

Stellwagen Bank Marine Sanctuary.  (2007).  About the Sanctuary: Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved 21 November 2007, from: http://stellwagen.noaa.gov/about/faq.html^{Image Added}.

Tewfik A., Benen C. (2003). Effects of natural barriers on the spillover of a marine mollusc: implications for fisheries reserves. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 13: 473-488.

TERRA. (2003).  Innovative solutions to finance Marine Reserves conservation in Spain. Retrieved November 2007, from: http://www.terracentro.org^{Image Added}.

The UN Millennium Development Goals (2005) What Are the Millennium Development Goals? Retrieved 11/21/2007 form website: http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/^{Image Added}

United Nations Environment Program.  (2006) UNEP World Database on Protected Areas. Retrieved 11 November 2007,  from: http://www.unep-wcmc.org/wdpa/^{Image Added}.

Ulanowicz, R. E., Tuttle, J. H.  (1992). The Trophic Consequences of Oyster Stock Rehabilitation in Chesapeake Bay.  Estuaries 15(3): 298-306.

United Nations. (2005). The UN Millennium Development Goals.  Retrieved 21 November 2007, from: http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/^{Image Added}.

NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce and the U.S. Department of the Interior. (Revised November 13, 2007), Science and Analysis. Retrieved November 18, 2007, from National Marine Protected Areas Center: http://mpa.gov/science_analysis/science_analysis.html^{Image Added}.

U.S. Marine Protected Areas (2006), Vertical Zoning in MPAs and Understanding Benthic-Pelagic Linkages, Retrieved November 20, 2007, from U.S. Marine Protected Areas Website: http://mpa.gov/pdf/helpful-resources/factsheets/vert-zoning-n-bpl0306.pdf^{Image Added}.

Watson, Alder, Walters. (2000). A dynamic mass-balance model for marine protected areas. Fish and Fisheries 1(1): 94-98.

Xue, G. (2005). China And International Fisheries Law And Policy.

Climate

Environment

Social Considerations

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NASA Satellite Measures Earth's Carbon Metabolism (2003). Earth Observatory, http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NPP/npp.html.

NOAA. Research Vessel Surveys. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association. Retrieved November 21, 2007, from http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/esb/why_nefsc_surveys.htm

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Swain, A., & Caradine, P. E. (1960). An International Tagging Test with Salmon (Salmo Salar L.) Smolts. Nature, 188, 206-207. Retrieved November 23, 2007.

Implementation in China

Fisheries Management

CIA World Factbook. (2007). China. Retrieved 11/22/2007 from CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html#People.

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Heeb, Johannes. (2000). Waste water use in southern China. Seecon Innovations For sustainable Development. Retrieved November 23, 2007 from http://www.seecon.ch/englisch/en_english/en_projects/en_southern_china.html.